Padhai Marg

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Why in News:

• • India paid tributes to freedom fighter Chandra Shekhar Azad on his 95th martyrdom day on 27 February 2026.
  • Commemorative events organised in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.

About the News:

• • Azad was a leading revolutionary nationalist of India’s freedom struggle.
  • Key force behind the transformation of HRA into HSRA.
  • Known for his pledge to never be captured alive.

Background:

• Early Life
  • Born in 1906, Alirajpur (present-day Madhya Pradesh)
  • Original name: Chandra Shekhar Tiwari
  • Participated in Non-Cooperation Movement (1921)
  • Declared name as “Azad”, father “Swatantra”, residence “Jail”
• Shift to Revolutionary Path (1922)
  • Withdrawal of movement by Mahatma Gandhi
  • Turned towards armed revolutionary nationalism
• Role in HRA & Kakori (1925)
  • Joined Hindustan Republican Army (HRA)
  • Involved in Kakori Train Robbery to raise funds
• Formation of HSRA (1928)
  • Reorganised as Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA)
  • Along with Bhagat Singh
  • Adopted Socialist ideology
  • Azad served as chief military strategist
• Saunders Assassination (1928)
  • Planned killing of John Saunders (Lahore)
  • Avenged death of Lala Lajpat Rai
  • Used pseudonym “Balraj”
• Final Stand (27 February 1931)
  • Surrounded at Alfred Park, Allahabad
  • Helped Sukhdev Raj escape
  • Shot himself with last bullet
  • Park later renamed Chandra Shekhar Azad Park

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Why in News:

• • A total lunar eclipse will occur on 3 March 2026.
  • Visible across most of India, Eastern Asia, Australia, Pacific Ocean, and the Americas.

About the News:

• • It will be a Total Lunar Eclipse, where the Moon will be completely covered by Earth’s umbra.
  • Occurs only during a Full Moon phase.
  • Such events are significant for astronomical observation and scientific study.

Background:

• What is a Lunar Eclipse?
  • A celestial event when Sun, Earth, and Moon align in a straight line (Syzygy).
  • The Moon passes through Earth’s shadow.
• Structure of Earth’s Shadow:
  • Umbra: Dark inner region where sunlight is completely blocked.
  • Penumbra: Outer lighter region where sunlight is partially blocked.
• Types of Lunar Eclipse:
  • Total: Moon fully inside umbra.
  • Partial: Part of Moon inside umbra.
  • Penumbral: Moon passes only through penumbra.

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Why in News:

• • Government has released the New GDP Series with 2022-23 as the base year.
  • FY26 GDP growth revised to 7.6%.
  • Q3 (Oct–Dec 2025) growth estimated at 7.8%.
  • New estimates are higher than earlier 7.4% under old series.

Key Highlights:

• • Introduced by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI).
  • Base year shifted from 2011-12 to 2022-23.
  • Base year revision is a periodic statistical exercise to:
    • Improve methodology
    • Include new data sources
    • Reflect structural economic changes
  • Last revision was in 2015 when base year shifted to 2011-12.
  • Under new series:
    • Q3 FY26 growth: 7.8%
    • FY26 full-year growth: 7.6% (Second Advance Estimates)

Background:

• • GDP (Gross Domestic Product) measures the total value of goods and services produced in a country.
  • Base year is chosen to compare real growth by removing inflation effects.
  • Revision ensures GDP reflects current economic structure such as:
    Growth of digital economy
    Changes in manufacturing and services
    Better data from GST, corporate filings, etc.
  • Periodic revision aligns India’s data system with global statistical standards.

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Why in News:

• • India and Brazil signed an MoU on rare earths and critical minerals during the visit of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva to India in February 2026.
  • The agreement focuses on strengthening cooperation in strategic mineral resources.

Key Highlights:

• • MoU signed between India and Brazil for
    • cooperation across the entire mineral value chain.
  • Covers:
    • Exploration
    • Mining
    • Processing
    • Refining
    • Recycling

Objective:

• • Strengthen supply chains
  • Enhance global competitiveness
  • Ensure reliable access to critical minerals for strategic and industrial sectors

Background:

• • Critical minerals such as lithium, cobalt, nickel and rare earth elements are essential for:
    • Renewable energy technologies
    • Electric vehicles
    • Electronics and defence manufacturing
  • India is working to strengthen its capabilities across the full critical mineral value chain.
  • In January 2025, Union Cabinet approved the National Critical Mineral Mission (2024–25 to 2030–31).
• The mission aims to:
  • Accelerate domestic exploration
  • Promote beneficiation and processing
  • Recover minerals from end-of-life products
  • Reduce import dependence
• This partnership aligns with India’s long-term resource security strategy.

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Why in News:

• • Prime Minister of India announced the Villages of Excellence Initiative during his state visit to Israel in February 2026.
  • The initiative aims to scale up agricultural cooperation between India and Israel.

Key Highlights:

• 1. It is a grassroots-level extension of the Indo-Israel Agriculture Project (IIAP).
  • Earlier cooperation focused on centralized high-tech Centres of Excellence.
  • The new initiative aims to transform entire farming clusters into technology-driven agricultural zones.
  • Israeli agricultural expertise will be integrated directly into village-level ecosystems.
  • Nations involved: India and Israel.​​​​​​​
  • Aim:
    • Bridge the gap between high-tech research centres and common farmers.
    • Transfer Israeli technology from Centres to Villages.
    • Increase productivity and income of lakhs of Indian farmers.
    • Promote sustainable and future-ready farming solutions.

Background:

• • The Indo-Israel Agriculture Project was launched in 2008 to promote cooperation in horticulture and advanced farming techniques.
  • Under IIAP, several Centres of Excellence were set up across Indian states for:
    • Protected cultivation
    • Drip irrigation
    • Precision farming
    • High-yield varieties
  • The Villages of Excellence initiative expands this model from demonstration centres to cluster-based village transformation, ensuring wider farmer outreach.

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Why in News:

• • Following the death of Ali Khamenei, Alireza Arafi has been appointed to temporarily lead Iran.
  • He is part of a three-member Leadership Council during the transition phase.
  • Arafi is a senior cleric and Deputy Chairman of the Assembly of Experts.

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Why in News:

• • Researchers highlighted that the Amondawa tribe in Brazil lives without clocks, calendars, or numerical age.
  • The study has drawn attention for showing a society that functions without a modern concept of time.

Key Highlights:

• • Indigenous community living deep inside the Amazon rainforest of Brazil.
  • First contacted by the outside world in 1986.
  • Population is about 150 people.
  • Follow a traditional lifestyle based on:
    • Hunting
    • Fishing
    • Farming
  • No linguistic or cultural equivalent for:
    • Time
    • Week
    • Month
      Year
  • Can describe events in sequence but lack an abstract concept of time as an independent dimension.
  • Daily life organised around:
    • Natural cycles
    • Immediate needs
    • Social relationships
  • No concept of numerical age.
  • Birthdays are not tracked.
  • Life stages marked by identity and name changes.
  • Individuals may change names multiple times during their lifetime.
  • Social identity defines stages of life rather than age numbers.

Background:

• • The Amazon rainforest hosts hundreds of indigenous tribes with distinct cultural systems.
  • The Amondawa belong to the Tupi–Kawahib linguistic group.
  • Anthropological studies of such communities help understand how concepts like time and age are socially constructed rather than universal.
  • Their lifestyle reflects a close relationship with the natural environment and minimal integration with modern systems.

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Why in News:

• • The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has successfully conducted three successive flight trials of the Very Short-Range Air Defence System (VSHORADS).
  • The trials were conducted from the Integrated Test Range Chandipur off the coast of Odisha.

Key Highlights:

• • VSHORADS is a Man Portable Air Defence System (MANPADS).
  • Designed and developed indigenously by Research Centre Imarat in collaboration with other DRDO laboratories and Development-cum-Production Partners.
  • It is a short-range, lightweight and portable surface-to-air missile.
  • Can be fired by individuals or small groups.
  • Designed to destroy aircraft and helicopters.
  • Maximum range: 8 kilometres.
  • Can engage targets up to 4.5 km altitude.
  • Capable of meeting the operational needs of:
    • Indian Army
    • Indian Navy
    • Indian Air Force

Background:

• • VSHORADS strengthens India’s indigenous air defence capability.
  • It is part of efforts to enhance short-range air defence systems for all three armed forces.

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Why in News:

• • National Science Day 2026 is observed on 28 February across India.
  • The theme for 2026 is “Women in Science: Catalysing Viksit Bharat.”

Key Highlights:

• • On 28 February 1928, C. V. Raman discovered the Raman Effect.
  • The Raman Effect explains how light scatters when it passes through a transparent material.
  • For this discovery, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.
  • He became the first Asian scientist to win a Nobel Prize in science.
  • In 1986, the Government of India officially declared 28 February as National Science Day.

Background:

• • National Science Day is celebrated annually to commemorate the discovery of the Raman Effect.
  • It aims to promote scientific temper and encourage research and innovation in India.

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• Prime Minister Narendra Modi will inaugurate India’s first semiconductor ATMP (Assembly, Testing, Marking and Packaging) plant by Micron Technology in Sanand in Gujarat, on February 28 2026. The ₹22,516 crore investment marks a major milestone in India’s semiconductor manufacturing journey, positioning the country as an emerging global hub for chip assembly and testing.
• Eminent sociologist T.K. Oommen who is regarded as a leading architect of modern Indian sociology was passed away on February 26 2026 at the age of 88. He breathed his last in Gurugram. A Professor Emeritus at Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), Prof. Oommen was widely respected for his scholarship on social justice, pluralism, identity, and social transformation.
• About 350 km from Mumbai, a small village in Maharashtra has taken a bold social step. On 5 February 2026, Soundala passed a unanimous gram sabha resolution declaring itself a “caste-free village.” The resolution bans asking anyone’s caste, discourages slurs, promotes shared public spaces and encourages equality in everyday life. Led by Sarpanch Sharad Argade, the move aims to keep caste “only on paper” and not in social behaviour.
• The Rajasthan government has announced that Mount Abu will now be known as Aburaj which is marking a significant step in restoring the historical identity of the region. State Chief Minister Bhajanlal Sharma made the announcement in the Rajasthan Assembly. Along with this, Kaman has been renamed Kamvan and Jahazpur will now be called Yagyapur. The decision aims to honour cultural heritage and local sentiments. Official records, government documents, and signage will be updated accordingly.
• The Central Bank of the UAE has unveiled what it calls the world’s first sovereign financial cloud services infrastructure which is marking a major milestone in digital finance. Announced on 27th February 2026 the AI powered platform aims to secure banking operations within the country’s borders while strengthening regulatory oversight. Developed in partnership with Core42, a subsidiary of G42 and the initiative positions the UAE as a global leader in sovereign digital finance and secure cloud-based financial systems.
• The iconic Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai will soon have a stand named after former India captain Ravi Shastri. This decision was approved by the Mumbai Cricket Association (MCA) during its Apex Council meeting. Along with the Ravi Shastri Wankhede Stadium stand other three gates of the stadium will also be named after Mumbai cricket legends like Dilip Sardesai, Eknath Solkar and Diana Edulji. The move recognizes their immense contribution to Mumbai and Indian cricket history.
• Jammu and Kashmir etched their name in history by winning the Ranji Trophy 2025-26 in their maiden final appearance. At the KSCA Cricket Stadium in Hubballi, J&K defeated eight-time champions Karnataka by securing a massive first-innings lead of 291 runs. Led by captain Paras Dogra, the team celebrated in style as Chief Minister Omar Abdullah watched from the stands. With this triumph, Jammu and Kashmir became only the 10th team in 92 years to win the Ranji Trophy in their debut final.
• Iranian state media has confirmed that Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Iran’s most powerful political and religious figure, has been killed in coordinated military strikes by the United States and Israel. The development marks one of the most dramatic escalations in Middle East tensions in decades and could significantly reshape the region’s political landscape.

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Why in News:
Union Minister Sarbananda Sonowal inaugurated three major inland waterways projects on National Waterway-2 (Brahmaputra) in Dibrugarh.

Key Highlights:
• The projects include Bogibeel Customs Complex, Dhubri Customs Complex, and IWAI Heritage Building.
• These projects aim to strengthen trade, tourism, and cross-border connectivity in Northeast India.

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Why in News:
India’s 196-run chase against West Indies at Eden Gardens in the T20 World Cup 2026 ranks third among the highest successful run chases in T20 World Cup history.

Key Highlights:
• England’s 230-run chase against South Africa in 2016 remains the highest successful run chase in T20 World Cup history.

Full List of Successful Chase

• England scored 230/8 against South Africa at Wankhede in 2016 while chasing a target of 230.

• South Africa scored 208/2 against West Indies at Johannesburg in 2007 while chasing a target of 206.

• India scored 199/5 against West Indies at Kolkata in 2026 while chasing a target of 196.

• U.S.A. scored 197/3 against Canada at Dallas in 2024 while chasing a target of 195.

• West Indies scored 196/3 against India at Wankhede in 2016 while chasing a target of 193.

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Why in News:
Deepak Gupta has assumed charge as Chairman and Managing Director of GAIL (India) Limited from March 1, 2026.

Key Highlights:
• He replaced Sandeep Kumar Gupta.
• His tenure will continue until February 28, 2029.

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Why in News:
The 301 km Khurda Road–Balangir railway line project in Odisha is nearing completion.

Key Highlights:
• The project was conceived before Independence.
• It passes through Khurda, Nayagarh, Boudh, Sonepur and Balangir districts.
• The estimated cost of the project is about ₹5,000 crore.
• It is expected to be completed by early next year.

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Why in News:
The Gujarat government has unveiled the Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Policy 2026–2031.

Key Highlights:
• The policy announces a ₹1,000 crore dedicated innovation fund.
• It aims to accelerate indigenous technology development.
• The policy was launched in Gandhinagar by Chief Minister Bhupendra Patel.
• It aims to create 1 lakh highly skilled research professionals.
• It also aims to achieve 1,000 intellectual property (IP) filings annually.

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Why in News:
Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) invested ₹22,615 crore in Indian equities in February 2026.

Key Highlights:
• It marks the highest monthly inflow in 17 months.
• The surge came after three consecutive months of heavy selling.
• It reflects renewed foreign confidence following the interim India–US trade deal.

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Why in News:
Just days before the arrival of eight Botswana cheetahs, Kuno National Park in Madhya Pradesh recorded its first-ever sighting of the endangered Forest Owlet. The bird is listed as “Endangered” by the IUCN and had never been documented in Kuno earlier.

Key Highlights:
• The discovery expands the known range of the Forest Owlet.
• It indicates positive ecological changes in the region under Project Cheetah.

Background:

Forest Owlet

About:
• The Forest Owlet, also known as Blewitt’s Owl, is one of the world’s rarest raptors.
• It was first discovered in 1872 by Irish naturalist F. R. Blewitt in eastern Madhya Pradesh.
• After 1884, it was believed to be extinct.
• It was rediscovered in 1997 in Nandurbar district of Maharashtra after 113 years, creating global excitement in ornithology.

Distribution:
• Earlier in Madhya Pradesh, the Forest Owlet was found only in Khandwa, Burhanpur and Betul districts, which border Maharashtra.
• The new sighting in Kuno National Park marks a major expansion in its known geographical range.

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Why in News:
Varanasi has entered the Guinness World Records by planting 2,51,446 saplings within one hour.

Key Highlights:
• The mega plantation drive was conducted at the Sujabad Domari area.
• It surpassed China’s 2018 record of 1,53,981 saplings planted in one hour.
• The record was officially verified through drone monitoring and a digital counting system.
• The achievement marks a major milestone in India’s urban afforestation efforts.

Background:
• The Sujabad Domari Urban Forest has been developed using the Miyawaki Technique.

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Why in News:
The world will celebrate World Wildlife Day 2026 on 3 March. It is a United Nations observance dedicated to protecting wild animals, plants and biodiversity.

Key Highlights:
• The theme for 2026 is “Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Conserving Health, Heritage and Livelihoods”.
• The day marks the anniversary of the signing of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) on 3 March 1973.

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Why in News:
Shri B.P. Singh has officially taken charge as the Director General of Naval Armament (DGONA) at Naval Headquarters in New Delhi from 1 March 2026.

Key Highlights:
• He is a senior officer of the 1994 batch of the Indian Naval Armament Service (INAS).
• He succeeded Shri Divakar Jayant, who retired on 28 February 2026.

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Why in News:
Veteran Congress leader and former Union Minister K. P. Unnikrishnan passed away at the age of 89 in Kozhikode, Kerala.

Key Highlights:
• K. P. Unnikrishnan was a key political figure in the 1980s and 1990s.
• He also played an influential role in national politics and served in the V. P. Singh Cabinet.

Six-Time Lok Sabha MP from Vadakara

• He was elected to the Lok Sabha six consecutive times from Vadakara (Kerala).

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Why in News:
India will host the Bharat Steel 2026 Summit in New Delhi from 16 April 2026.

Key Highlights:
• It will be a two-day global event bringing together leaders from steel, technology, mining and trading companies..
• The event will help shape the future direction of the steel sector.
• It will also promote sustainable industrial growth in India.

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Why in News:
India’s external sector improved in 2025, as reported by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). The current account deficit (CAD) declined significantly during April–December 2025.

Key Highlights:
• India’s Current Account Deficit stood at USD 30.1 billion during April–December 2025.
• This is about 1% of India’s GDP.
• In the same period last year, the CAD was USD 36.6 billion.
 

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Why in News:
Minister of State for Youth Affairs and Sports Raksha Nikhil Khadse announced a special edition of the ASMITA Women’s Sports League in New Delhi to mark International Women’s Day on 8 March 2026.

Key Highlights:
What is the ASMITA Women’s Sports League?

• ASMITA stands for Achieving Sports Milestone by Inspiring Women Through Action.
• The league is designed to encourage girls and women to actively participate in sports competitions.

Key Objectives of ASMITA Women’s Sports League

• Empower female athletes across India.
• Promote grassroots level sports participation.

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Why in News:
The Central Warehousing Corporation (CWC) celebrated its 70th Foundation Day at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi. The event was inaugurated by Union Minister Shri Pralhad Joshi.

Key Highlights:
• The celebration marked 70 years of the establishment of CWC.
• The event highlighted the corporation’s role in strengthening India’s food storage and logistics infrastructure.

Background

Central Warehousing Corporation (CWC)

• The Central Warehousing Corporation (CWC) was established in 1957 as a Central Public Sector Enterprise.
• It operates under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution.
• CWC provides scientific storage facilities for agricultural produce and other notified commodities.
• The corporation plays a key role in supporting procurement operations and maintaining buffer food stocks for national food security

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Why in News:
The Tamil Nadu Forest Department has established the state’s first Dark Sky Park at Ariyur Shola Forest in Kolli Hills, Namakkal district. The project aims to protect natural night skies from artificial light pollution and create a dedicated space for public astronomical observation.

Key Highlights:
• The Dark Sky Park has been developed at a cost of ₹1 crore.
• The initiative promotes sustainable tourism, scientific awareness and environmental conservation in the region.

Why Kolli Hills Was Chosen for the Dark Sky Park

• According to Forest Secretary Supriya Sahu, a Dark Sky Park is a designated area protected from excessive artificial lighting.
• It allows clear visibility of celestial objects such as the moon, stars and planets.

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Why in News:
The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) celebrated its 25th Foundation Day at the India Habitat Centre, New Delhi. The event was attended by Union Power Minister Manohar Lal Khattar, who unveiled the BEE@25 logo, launched the BEE Star Label Mobile App, and introduced the new RCO Portal.

Background

Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)

• The Bureau of Energy Efficiency was established under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001.
• It operates under the Ministry of Power.
• BEE coordinates energy conservation policies across sectors such as industry, buildings, transport and appliances.
 

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Why in News:
The second edition of the Indian Bison Fest will be held on 8 March 2026 at Zeropoint inside Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary in Sambalpur. The festival celebrates the Indian bison, locally known as ‘Gayal’.

Key Highlights:
• The event aims to promote wildlife conservation and eco-tourism in the region.

Gaur Population Growth in Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary

• The latest census in January 2026 recorded 848 gaurs in the sanctuary.
• This reflects a net increase of 190 animals within one year.

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Why in News:
Saba Shawl has been appointed as the first Kashmiri woman to head Central Jail Srinagar, a high-security correctional facility in Jammu and Kashmir. Her appointment was made under the Government Order of Home (2026) dated March 2, 2026, issued by the Home Department.

Key Highlights:
• She becomes the first Kashmiri woman to lead the Central Jail Srinagar.
• Central Jail Srinagar is a high-security correctional facility in Jammu and Kashmir.

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Why in News:
Jio Platforms Limited has appointed telecom industry veteran Dan Bailey as its new President to lead the company’s global expansion efforts.

Key Highlights:
• Dan Bailey will spearhead Jio Platforms’ international growth strategy.
• His appointment reflects the company’s focus on expanding its presence in global telecom and digital services markets.

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Why in News:
The Deputy Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, Pawan Kalyan, has launched Project HANUMAN to address the growing issue of human–wildlife conflict in the state.

Key Highlights:
• The project aims to reduce incidents of human–animal clashes.
• It focuses on protecting rural communities affected by wildlife movement.
• The initiative also seeks to ensure the safety and conservation of wildlife.

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Why in News:
Nine cheetahs arrived from Botswana at Kuno National Park in Madhya Pradesh, marking a significant milestone in India's ambitious cheetah reintroduction project.

Key Highlights:
• With this addition, India's cheetah count now stands at 48, which includes 29 Indian-born cubs born at Kuno National Park.
• The first batch of 8 cheetahs from Namibia was reintroduced in September 2022.
• This was followed by 12 cheetahs from South Africa in February 2023.
• Botswana hosts approximately 24% of the global cheetah population of about 7,100 individuals.
• Notably, 76.9% of Botswana's cheetahs live on community and commercial farmlands rather than protected areas, making them uniquely adapted to sharing landscapes with human activity and livestock.

Background:

Project Cheetah
• Launched in 2022 under Project Tiger.
• It aims to bring cheetahs back to India, which became extinct in the country in 1952.
• It is the world's first intercontinental wild carnivore translocation project.

Governance Framework:
• The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) serves as the implementing agency.
• It works along with the Madhya Pradesh Forest Department and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII).
• In 2023, a Steering Committee was constituted to oversee and guide the project's implementation.

Cheetah Habitat Designation:
• Kuno National Park and Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary (Madhya Pradesh) currently serve as the primary habitats for translocated cheetahs.
• Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary (Madhya Pradesh) has been identified for future expansion of the cheetah landscape.

Community Engagement:
• The project is supported by more than 350 “Cheetah Mitras” working at the grassroots level to raise local awareness and mitigate potential human–wildlife conflict.

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Why in News:
Mangaluru International Airport won the 2025 ASQ Best Airport at Arrivals – Globally award.

Key Highlights:
• The award is given by Airports Council International World.
• This is the second consecutive year (2024 and 2025) the airport has received this honour.
• Mangaluru Airport is managed by Adani Airport Holdings Limited (AAHL).
• AAHL is India’s largest private airport operator.

Background:

ASQ Awards 

About:
• The ASQ Awards are organised annually by Airports Council International World, representing airports across the globe.
• The programme measures passenger satisfaction across key service parameters.

Airport Experience Summit 2026:
• In 2026, the awards will be formally presented at the Airport Experience Summit in Istanbul, Türkiye.
• The summit is scheduled from 31 August to 4 September 2026.
• The award ceremony will take place on 2 September 2026.

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Why in News:
The Union government has decided to temporarily discontinue rice fortification under the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY) and allied schemes after a comprehensive review based on a study conducted by IIT Kharagpur.

Key Highlights:
• The IIT Kharagpur study evaluated the shelf life of Fortified Rice Kernels (FRK) and Fortified Rice (FR) across different agro-climatic zones.
• The study found that moisture content, storage conditions, temperature, relative humidity, and packaging material significantly affect the stability of fortified rice.
• Due to these factors, micronutrient levels decline over time, reducing the nutritional effectiveness of fortified rice.

Background:

Rice Fortification

About:
• Rice fortification is the deliberate addition of essential vitamins and minerals to rice during post-harvest processing to improve its nutritional quality.
• It helps address hidden hunger (micronutrient deficiencies) without changing the taste, appearance, or cooking properties of rice.

Common Micronutrients Added:
• Iron – to combat anaemia.
• Folic Acid (Vitamin B9) – to prevent neural tube defects.
• Vitamin B12.
• Zinc.
• Vitamin A.
• Other B-complex vitamins (B1, B3, B6).

India’s Policy Rollout:
• The initiative was announced by the Prime Minister on the 75th Independence Day to address malnutrition.
• The first phase began in October 2021.
• Fortified rice was supplied through Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) and the Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman (PM Poshan) scheme (earlier Mid-Day Meal Scheme).

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Why in News:
Announced in February 2026 ,The Maharashtra State government has launched the Divyang Sahayak Portal, described as India’s first fully integrated online platform for disability welfare schemes.

Key Highlights:
• The Divyang Sahayak Portal is a one-stop digital platform for persons with disabilities in Maharashtra.
• It allows citizens to search, apply and track welfare schemes without remembering scheme names.
• Officials say it improves the implementation of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016.

Background:

Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016

About:
• The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 replaced the earlier 1995 law to expand rights and protections for persons with disabilities in India.
 

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Why in News:
Rare Disease Day is observed globally on 28 February (or 29 February in leap years, symbolically the rarest day) to highlight the unique challenges faced by people living with rare diseases.

Key Highlights:
• The objective is to achieve equity in social opportunities, healthcare, and access to diagnosis and therapies for rare disease patients.
• It was established in 2008.
• The initiative is coordinated by EURORDIS (European Organisation for Rare Diseases) in partnership with over 70 national alliance patient organisations.

Background:

Rare Disease

About:
• There is no single universal definition of a rare disease.
• It is generally determined by prevalence, with a global consensus defining it as affecting ≤ 1 in 2,000 persons in a WHO-defined region.
• In India, an estimated 72–96 million people are affected by rare diseases.

Policy Support in India:
• Under the National Policy for Rare Diseases (NPRD) 2021, financial support of up to ₹50 lakh is provided to patients suffering from any of the 63 included rare diseases at designated Centres of Excellence.
• Under the Union Budget 2026–27, 7 additional rare diseases have been included for exemption from import duties on personal imports of drugs, medicines, and food for special medical purposes.
• Rare diseases have also been included as a focus area under the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Pharmaceuticals.

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Why in News:
President Droupadi Murmu on 2 March 2026 launched four women-centric welfare schemes of the Delhi Government at the “Sashakt Nari, Samriddh Delhi” programme in New Delhi.

Key Highlights:

Pink National Common Mobility Card
• The Pink National Common Mobility Card aims to provide seamless and integrated access to public transport.
• It supports women’s free bus travel and improves connectivity across Delhi’s transport network.

Free LPG Cylinders Scheme for Ration Card Holders
• The scheme provides two free LPG cylinders annually to ration card holders.

Delhi Lakhpati Bitiya Yojana

Key Provisions:
• ₹56,000 will be deposited in installments in the name of a girl child.
• The amount is expected to exceed ₹1 lakh with interest by the age of 21.

Eligibility:
• Annual family income up to ₹1.20 lakh.
• Delhi residence for the last three years.
• Girl child must be born in Delhi.
• Limited to two living girl children per family.
• Applicable to those pursuing graduate or professional diplomas from recognised institutions.

Meri Punji Mera Adhikaar
• The scheme focuses on clearing pending financial dues and ensuring citizens’ financial rights are addressed transparently.

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Why in News:
To strengthen India’s maritime and air defence capabilities, the Ministry of Defence on 3 March 2026 signed contracts worth ₹5,083 crore.

Key Highlights:
• The contracts include the procurement of six ALH Mk III (Maritime Role) helicopters for the Indian Coast Guard.
• It also includes VL Shtil Surface-to-Air Missiles for the Indian Navy.
• The agreements were signed in the presence of Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh at South Block, New Delhi.

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Why in News:
The India women’s national cricket team has been nominated for the Laureus World Team of the Year Award 2026. The nomination follows their historic victory in the ICC Women’s World Cup 2025, held in India, where the team won its first-ever World Cup title.

Key Highlights:
• This is the first time a women’s cricket team has been nominated in this category.
Significance of This Nomination

• The Laureus World Team of the Year Award is one of the most prestigious honours in international sport.
• It recognises teams that have delivered outstanding achievements and inspired people worldwide.

Indian Athletes in Laureus 2026 Spotlight

• Vinesh Phogat
• Neeraj Chopra
• Rishabh Pant

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Why in News:
The Ashmolean Museum at the University of Oxford has formally returned a 16th-century bronze idol of Saint Thirumankai Alvar to India. The formal handover ceremony took place at India House, marking an important milestone in India–UK cultural cooperation.

Key Highlights:
• The sacred idol will now be returned to its original place, the Shri Soundararaja Perumal Temple in Tamil Nadu.

About the Idol: Saint Thirumankai Alvar

• Period: 16th century
• Material: Bronze
• Religious Significance: Saint Thirumankai Alvar was one of the twelve Alvars (Vaishnavite poet-saints).
• Temple Origin: Shri Soundararaja Perumal Temple, Thadikombu, Tamil Nadu

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Why in News:
The first bust of Mahatma Gandhi in the US state of Montana has been unveiled at the University of Montana in Missoula. The ceremony took place at the Mike Mansfield Center.

Key Highlights:
• The statue was presented as a gift by the Government of India.
• The unveiling marks an important moment in cultural diplomacy between India and the US state of Montana.

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• India has overtaken the United States to become the second highest country globally for childhood obesity. This data is according to the World Obesity Atlas 2026 released by the World Obesity Federation.( World Obesity Day 2026 will be observed on March 4 under the theme “8 Billion Reasons to Act on Obesity.” )
• National Safety Day 2026 is observed on March 4 in India under the theme “Engage, Educate & Empower People to Enhance Safety”.
• International Day for Disarmament and Non-Proliferation Awareness is observed on March 5 to promote awareness on nuclear weapons, arms control, and global security under UN Resolution A/RES/77/51.
• New Zealand opener Finn Allen smashed the fastest T20 World Cup hundred. Ton came during the ongoing T20 World Cup semi-final against South Africa in Kolkata. Allen reached his century in just 33 balls and breaks the previous men’s record of 47 balls by Chris Gayle in 2016. The stunning knock also made Allen the first batter in history to score a century in a T20 World Cup knockout match.
• Eminent journalist HK Dua, former Rajya Sabha MP and India’s ex-ambassador to Denmark, passes away at 88 in New Delhi. The Padma Bhushan awardee led Hindustan Times, Indian Express, and The Tribune.

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Why in News:
Maharashtra has recorded the slowest Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) growth among India’s four largest state economies over the past four years.

Key Highlights:
• Despite slower growth, Maharashtra remains India’s largest state economy.
• The state’s projected GSDP for 2024–25 is ₹42,67,771 crore.
• According to official data, Maharashtra’s GSDP grew by around 43% between 2021–22 and 2024–25.
• The growth rate is slightly behind Karnataka, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu during the post-COVID economic recovery period.

GSDP Growth (2021–22 to 2024–25)

• Karnataka recorded the highest GSDP growth of 65%, mainly driven by the technology and services sector.

• Gujarat achieved 48% growth, supported by manufacturing and industrial expansion.

• Tamil Nadu registered 47% growth, largely due to industrial production and exports.

• Maharashtra showed 43% growth, supported by its diversified economic structure.

GSDP Size of the Four Major State Economies

• Maharashtra remains the largest state economy in India, despite having the lowest growth rate among the four states.

• Maharashtra
GSDP (2021–22): ₹29,81,024 crore
Projected GSDP (2024–25): ₹42,67,771 crore

• Tamil Nadu
GSDP (2021–22): ₹21,36,351 crore
Projected GSDP (2024–25): ₹31,55,096 crore

• Gujarat
GSDP (2021–22): ₹18,79,826 crore
Projected GSDP (2024–25): ₹27,90,000 crore

• Karnataka
GSDP (2021–22): ₹17,02,227 crore
Projected GSDP (2024–25): ₹28,09,063 crore

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Why in News:
The Echinus Geyser, known as the world’s largest acidic geyser, has erupted again after a six-year dormant period at Yellowstone National Park in the United States.

 Located in the Norris Geyser Basin, the geyser had remained inactive since 2020.

According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), eruptions resumed on 7 February 2026.

Key Highlights:

What Makes Echinus Geyser Unique?

Echinus Geyser is unique because of its acidic water chemistry, which is rare among geysers.

Unique Characteristics
• Located in the Norris Geyser Basin, the hottest geothermal area in Yellowstone.
• Surrounded by reddish rocks resembling sea urchins (echinoderms), which inspired the name Echinus.
• Produces acidic geothermal water formed by mixing acidic gases with neutral groundwater.

Eruption History of Echinus Geyser

• Historically, the geyser erupted regularly.
• During the 1970s, eruptions occurred every 40–80 minutes.
• Some eruptions lasted up to 90 minutes.
• Water could reach heights of 75 feet (about 23 metres).

Recent Activity

• 2018: 1 eruption recorded
• 2019: 1 eruption recorded
• 2020: 2 eruptions recorded
• 2026: Activity resumed in February

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Why in News:
Assam’s GI-tagged Karbi Anglong Ginger was exported to London for the first time on 2 March 2026. The export was flagged off by Assam Agriculture Minister Atul Bora at Krishi Bhawan, Khanapara in Guwahati.

Key Highlights:
• The shipment consisted of a trial consignment of 1.2 metric tonnes.
• This marks the international debut of Karbi Anglong Ginger from Assam.

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Why in News:
C. V. Ananda Bose resigned as the Governor of West Bengal on 5 March 2026.

He reportedly submitted his resignation to President Droupadi Murmu while in New Delhi.

The official reason cited for his resignation was health issues.

Key Highlights:
• R. N. Ravi, currently the Governor of Tamil Nadu, appointed as the new Governor of West Bengal.

Background

About Governor

• The Governor is the constitutional head of the state executive.
• Provisions related to the Governor are mentioned in Articles 153 to 167 of the Constitution of India.

Important Constitutional Provisions

• Article 153: Every state shall have a Governor, and one person may be appointed as Governor for two or more states.
• Article 155: The Governor is appointed by the President of India.
• Article 157 (Qualifications):
– Must be a citizen of India.
– Must be at least 35 years old.

Tenure and Conditions

• The Governor holds office for five years, but serves at the pleasure of the President.
• The Governor cannot be a Member of Parliament (MP) or Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA).
• The Governor cannot hold any office of profit.
• Under Article 361, the Governor enjoys immunity from criminal proceedings during the term of office.

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Why in News:
Union Home Minister Amit Shah soft launched digital tools for Census 2027 and unveiled the official mascots ‘Pragati’ and ‘Vikas’ in New Delhi.

Key Highlights:
• ‘Pragati’ (female) and ‘Vikas’ (male) were introduced as the official mascots of the digital Census 2027.
• The mascots symbolize gender equality and equal participation of women and men in national development.

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Why in News:
The Gujarat government launched herSTART 5.0, an initiative aimed at strengthening women-led startups and entrepreneurship in the state.

The programme was inaugurated by Chief Minister Bhupendra Patel at Gujarat University in Ahmedabad.

Key Highlights:
• The herSTART 5.0 programme is implemented by the Gujarat University Startup and Entrepreneurship Council.
• It focuses on providing incubation, mentorship and market access to women entrepreneurs.

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Why in News:
Indian generative AI startup Sarvam AI has launched the Sarvam Startup Program to support early-stage companies building AI-based products in India. The announcement was made on 5 March 2026 as part of the company’s effort to strengthen the AI startup ecosystem in India.

Key Highlights:
• The programme aims to support startups developing AI-driven products and solutions in India.

Background

About Sarvam AI

• Sarvam AI was founded by Vivek Raghavan and Pratyush Kumar.
• The company focuses on building sovereign generative AI infrastructure for India.
• It develops foundational AI models and APIs tailored for Indian languages and digital needs.
• Sarvam AI recently gained attention during the India AI Impact Summit 2026 in New Delhi.

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Iran vs Israel Missile Comparison 

Iran – Cluster-Capable Missiles

• Missile Type: Medium-range ballistic missiles
• Range: Approximately 700 km to 2,000 km
• Warhead: Conventional or cluster munitions
• Examples: Shahab-3, Qadr, Fateh, Khorramshahr
• Launch Platform: Mobile launchers

Israel – Jericho Missiles

• Missile Type: Medium to intercontinental ballistic missiles
• Range: Approximately 500 km to 6,500 km
• Warhead: Conventional or strategic warheads
• Examples: Jericho-1, Jericho-2, Jericho-3
• Launch Platform: Land-based strategic launch systems

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Why in News:
Nepal has witnessed a major political shift after the 2026 parliamentary elections.

Balendra “Balen” Shah, a 35-year-old rapper-turned-politician and former Kathmandu mayor, is set to become Nepal’s next Prime Minister.

The elections were held months after the 2025 Gen Z protests, which led to the fall of the K. P. Sharma Oli government.

Key Highlights:
• Rastriya Swatantra Party (RSP) emerged as the leading political force in the elections.
• Balendra Balen Shah is expected to become the next Prime Minister of Nepal.
• The elections followed youth-led Gen Z protests in 2025, which triggered the collapse of the K. P. Sharma Oli government.

Background

Nepal Parliament Structure and Election System

• Nepal’s Federal Parliament includes the House of Representatives.
• The House consists of 275 members elected through a mixed electoral system.

Election System

• 165 members are elected through the First-Past-The-Post (FPTP) system, where the candidate with the highest votes in each constituency wins.
• The remaining 110 seats are filled through Proportional Representation (PR), where political parties receive seats based on their share of total votes.

Rise of Balen Shah

• Balen Shah first gained national attention after winning the Kathmandu mayoral election in 2022 as an independent candidate.

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Why in News:
The Government e-Marketplace (GeM) celebrated the completion of seven years of the SWAYATT initiative.

Key Highlights:
• The SWAYATT initiative was launched on 19 February 2019.

•SWAYATT stands for Startups, Women and Youth Advantage Through eTransactions.
• It focuses on supporting startups, women entrepreneurs, youth, Self Help Groups (SHGs), and micro enterprises to participate in government procurement through the GeM platform.

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Why in News:
Union Minister for Youth Affairs and Sports Dr. Mansukh Mandaviya announced that the Khelo India Tribal Games 2026 (KITG) will be held in Chhattisgarh from 26 March to 6 April 2026.

Key Highlights:
• This will be the first edition of the Khelo India Tribal Games.
• The games will be organized across three cities in Chhattisgarh – Raipur, Jagdalpur and Sarguja.
• The event will feature seven medal sports.

Sports Included

• Athletics
• Football
• Hockey
• Weightlifting
• Archery
• Swimming
• Wrestling

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Why in News:
Operation Sankalp has come back into focus as the Indian Navy remains on high alert in West Asia amid rising regional tensions.

Key Highlights:
• Operation Sankalp is a maritime security initiative of the Indian Navy.
• It aims to protect Indian commercial vessels and maintain stability in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).

Background

Operation Sankalp

• The operation was launched on 19 June 2019.
• It was initiated after attacks on commercial oil tankers and cargo ships in the Gulf of Oman and the Strait of Hormuz raised serious security concerns.
• The mission focuses on ensuring the safety of Indian merchant ships and safeguarding maritime trade routes.

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Why in News:
The Government of India has ordered a temporary suspension of TRP ratings for TV news channels.

The directive was issued by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (I&B) on 7 March 2026.

Key Highlights:
• The Broadcast Audience Research Council (BARC) has been asked to withhold the reporting of Television Rating Points (TRPs).
• The suspension will remain in place for four weeks or until further instructions.
• The decision follows concerns about sensational coverage of the ongoing West Asia conflict involving Israel and Iran.

Why the Government Suspended TRP Ratings

• The move aims to discourage excessive competition among news channels.
• It seeks to prevent sensational or misleading reporting driven by the race for higher TRP ratings.

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• Bihar government will develop 54 colleges as Centres of Excellence under Nitish Kumar’s Saat Nischay-3 programme to improve higher education, with ₹320 crore allocated for 2026–27.
• Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar has confirmed that he will contest the upcoming Rajya Sabha election. Which is the marking a major shift in the state’s political scenario. After serving Bihar for more than two decades across multiple terms, Kumar announced that he plans to step down from the Chief Minister’s post. And he will to enter the Upper House of Parliament which is Rajya Sabha. Nitish Kumar confirmed his Rajya Sabha bid ahead of filing his nomination for the Rajya Sabha election scheduled on March 16, 2026.
• The Maharashtra Economic Survey 2025-26 projects the Maharashtra economy to grow by 7.9% in the financial year 2025-26. he projected growth rate is higher than India’s estimated national growth of 7.4%.
• The historic Hatti Risala festival in Jalna has completed 138 years. Which is continuing a cherished cultural tradition of Maharashtra. Celebrated annually on Dhulivandan the day after Holi. 
• The Maharashtra government introduced an offline photo upload facility for e-crop registration, allowing farmers to capture crop images without internet. Photos will automatically upload when connectivity returns.
• The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has directed authorities to reconsider a quarry proposal near the Vallanadu Blackbuck Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu. While ensuring protection for the endangered blackbuck population. The tribunal noted that blackbucks are timid and shy animals and any human disturbance can harm their natural habitat.
• A deadly plant disease known as Cassava Brown Streak Disease (CBSD) is threatening one of Africa’s most important staple crops. This disease attacks cassava roots, causing severe rot and potentially destroying entire harvests
• NITI Aayog and UNICEF India signed a Statement of Intent to improve nutrition and health outcomes in Aspirational Districts and Blocks. 
• India will build its first riverine lighthouses on the Brahmaputra (National Waterway-2) at Pandu, Bogibeel, Silghat and Biswanath Ghat with an ₹84-crore investment. These solar-powered structures will improve night navigation, cargo movement and tourism along the Brahmaputra river corridor,
• Andhra Pradesh government led by Chandrababu Naidu will give ₹25,000 incentive for couples having a second or third child to boost population growth as the state faces declining fertility rates and ageing population concerns.
• Union Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports Mansukh Mandaviya has unveiled the official logo of the Cycling League of India (CLI). This will be the world’s first professional franchise based road cycling league. This initiative aims to promote cycling as a competitive sport in India.
• Global technology company IBM has launched its first Infrastructure Innovation Centre in Bengaluru. This will strengthen India’s role in developing advanced artificial intelligence and enterprise infrastructure systems.
• L&T Finance has introduced the new initiative called the “Spoorthi programme” to support women entrepreneurs in India. This scheme will offers flexible loans with extended repayment tenors of up to 25 years for purchasing property or taking Loan Against Property (LAP).
• In the Karnataka Budget 2026 The State government proposed a social media ban. Chief Minister Siddaramaiah said the government plans to ban social media use for children under the age of 16.
• Indian fast bowler Jasprit Bumrah completed 500 wickets in international cricket. This achievement come during the ICC Men’s T20 World Cup 2026 semifinal against

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Why in News:
India defeated New Zealand to win the ICC T20 World Cup 2026, securing their second consecutive T20 World Cup title.

Key Highlights:
• India scored 255/5, one of the highest totals in a T20 World Cup final.
• Sanju Samson was the top scorer with 89 runs.
• Jasprit Bumrah delivered an outstanding bowling performance, taking 4 wickets.
• New Zealand were bowled out for 159 runs.
• India won the final by 96 runs.
• Jasprit Bumrah was named Player of the Match.
• Sanju Samson received the Player of the Series award.
• With this victory, India became the first team in history to win the T20 World Cup title three times.
• India also became the first team to win the T20 World Cup trophy at home.
• The team successfully defended the title, having previously won the T20 World Cup in 2024.

T20 World Cup 2026 Awards 

• Player of the Final: Jasprit Bumrah (India) – Bowling figures 4/15 in 4 overs

• Player of the Tournament: Sanju Samson (India) – 321 runs, Average 80.25, Strike Rate 199.37

• Most Runs: Sahibzada Farhan (Pakistan) – 383 runs

• Most Wickets: Jasprit Bumrah (India) – 14 wickets

Top Wicket Takers in T20 World Cup 2026

• Rank 1: Jasprit Bumrah (India) – 14 wickets, 8 matches

• Rank 2: Varun Chakravarthy (India) – 14 wickets, 9 matches

• Rank 3: Shadley van Schalkwyk (USA) – 13 wickets, 4 matches

• Rank 4: Blessing Muzarabani (Zimbabwe) – 13 wickets, 6 matches

• Rank 5: Adil Rashid (England) – 13 wickets, 8 matches

• Rank 6: Lungi Ngidi (South Africa) – 12 wickets, 7 matches

• Rank 7: Rachin Ravindra (New Zealand) – 12 wickets, 9 matches

• Rank 8: Maheesh Theekshana (Sri Lanka) – 11 wickets, 7 matches

• Rank 9: Corbin Bosch (South Africa) – 11 wickets, 7 matches

• Rank 10: Axar Patel (India) – 11 wickets, 7 matches

T20 World Cup Winners List (2007–2026)

• 2007: Host – South Africa | Winner – India | Runner-up – Pakistan | Margin – 5 Runs

• 2009: Host – England | Winner – Pakistan | Runner-up – Sri Lanka | Margin – 8 Wickets

• 2010: Host – West Indies | Winner – England | Runner-up – Australia | Margin – 7 Wickets

• 2012: Host – Sri Lanka | Winner – West Indies | Runner-up – Sri Lanka | Margin – 36 Runs

• 2014: Host – Bangladesh | Winner – Sri Lanka | Runner-up – India | Margin – 6 Wickets

• 2016: Host – India | Winner – West Indies | Runner-up – England | Margin – 4 Wickets

• 2021: Host – UAE & Oman | Winner – Australia | Runner-up – New Zealand | Margin – 8 Wickets

• 2022: Host – Australia | Winner – England | Runner-up – Pakistan | Margin – 5 Wickets

• 2024: Host – USA & West Indies | Winner – India | Runner-up – South Africa | Margin – 7 Runs

• 2026: Host – India & Sri Lanka | Winner – India | Runner-up – New Zealand | Margin – 96 Runs

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Why in News:
The FIFA World Cup 2026 will be jointly hosted by USA, Canada and Mexico, marking the first time three countries will host the tournament together.

Key Highlights:
• Edition: 23rd FIFA World Cup
• Host Countries: United States, Canada, Mexico
• Start Date: 11 June 2026
• Final Date: 19 July 2026
• Duration: 39 days
• Total Teams: 48 teams (first time expanded from 32)
• Total Matches: 104 matches
• Final Venue: MetLife Stadium, New Jersey, USA

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Why in News:
Mojtaba Khamenei, the son of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, has been selected as the new Supreme Leader of Iran in 2026.

His appointment was approved by the Assembly of Experts, the clerical body responsible for choosing the Supreme Leader.

Background

Assembly of Experts

• The Assembly of Experts is a powerful clerical body in Iran.
• It consists of Islamic scholars elected by the public.
• The body has the constitutional authority to appoint and supervise the Supreme Leader.
• It ensures that the leader meets the required religious and political qualifications.

Supreme Leaders of Iran

• First Supreme Leader: Ruhollah Khomeini
• Second Supreme Leader: Ayatollah Ali Khamenei
• Third Supreme Leader (2026): Mojtaba Khamenei

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Why in News:
India’s badminton star Lakshya Sen finished runner-up in the All England Open Badminton Championship 2026 after losing the men’s singles final to Taiwan’s Lin Chun-Yi in Birmingham.

Background

India’s Wait for an All England Open Champion Continues

• The All England Open Badminton Championships is one of the most prestigious tournaments in world badminton.
• Despite several strong performances by Indian players, only two Indians have won the men’s singles title in the tournament’s history.

Indian Champions

• Prakash Padukone – 1980
• Pullela Gopichand – 2001

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Why in News:
Amid rising tensions in West Asia, advanced air defense systems such as Iron Dome (Israel), THAAD (United States), and Bavar-373 (Iran) have gained global attention for their role in intercepting missiles, rockets and aerial threats.

Iron Dome (Israel)

Key Features

• Developer: Rafael Advanced Defense Systems
• Operational since: 2011
• Interceptor missile: Tamir
• Range: Up to about 70 km
• Interception altitude: Around 10 km
• Primary purpose: Intercept short-range rockets, artillery shells and drones
• Success rate: Reported above 90%

How It Works

• The system uses advanced radar to detect incoming rockets.
• It calculates the trajectory of the projectile.
• If the rocket is predicted to hit a populated area, a Tamir interceptor missile is launched to destroy it in mid-air.

THAAD – Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (United States)

Key Features

• Developer: Lockheed Martin
• Operational since: 2008
• Engagement range: About 200 km
• Interception altitude: Up to 150 km
• Interceptor speed: More than Mach 8
• Technology: Hit-to-kill kinetic interceptor

How It Works

• THAAD intercepts ballistic missiles during the terminal phase of flight.
• Instead of explosives, it destroys the missile through direct kinetic impact (collision at extremely high speed).

Deployment

• Deployed in several strategic locations including the United States, South Korea and the United Arab Emirates.

Bavar-373 (Iran)

Key Features

• Developer: Iran’s Defense Ministry
• Operational since: 2019
• Interceptor missile: Sayyad-4
• Engagement range: Up to 200 km
• Interception altitude: Around 27–32 km
• Radar detection range: Around 300 km

Capabilities

• Designed as Iran’s indigenous alternative to Russia’s S-300 air defense system.
• Capable of intercepting fighter aircraft, drones, cruise missiles and some ballistic missiles.
• Iran claims the system can track multiple aerial targets simultaneously and engage several threats using vertically launched missiles.

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Why in News:
Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated India’s first Ring Metro in Delhi.

Key Highlights:
• The Majlis Park–Maujpur-Babarpur corridor completes the circular connectivity of the Delhi Metro Pink Line.
• The newly operational metro stretch is about 12.3 km long.

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Why in News:
Kerala has introduced the Cyber Safety Protocol 2026, a comprehensive framework aimed at protecting students in the evolving Artificial Intelligence (AI) era.

Key Highlights:
• The initiative has been developed by Kerala Infrastructure and Technology for Education (KITE).
• KITE functions as the technology wing of the state’s General Education Department.
• The protocol aims to create a safe digital learning environment in Kerala’s public schools.

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Why in News:
Rashmika Mandanna won the Best Actress award at the Telangana Gaddar Film Awards for her performance in the Telugu romantic drama “The Girlfriend.”

Key Highlights:
• “The Girlfriend” is a 2025 Telugu-language romantic drama written and directed by Rahul Ravindran.
 

Background

Telangana Gaddar Film Awards

• These awards were introduced by the Government of Telangana.
• They were instituted in 2025.
• The awards are presented by the Telangana Film Development Corporation.
• They recognise films, actors, directors and technicians for outstanding contributions to Telugu cinema.

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Why in News:
An Indian Armed Forces contingent has reached Seychelles to participate in the 11th edition of the Joint Military Exercise LAMITIYE 2026 with the Seychelles Defence Forces (SDF).

Key Highlights:
• The exercise is being conducted at the Seychelles Defence Academy.
• It will take place from 9 March to 20 March 2026.
• This edition is significant because all three services of the Indian Armed Forces – Army, Navy and Air Force – are participating together.

Background

Exercise LAMITIYE

• Exercise LAMITIYE is a joint military exercise between India and Seychelles.
• It aims to enhance military cooperation, interoperability and joint operational capabilities between the two countries.

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Why in News:
Maharashtra celebrated International Women’s Day 2026 with various activities including rallies, marathons, vaccination drives and a Guinness World Record Lezim dance in Dombivli.

Key Highlights:
• Events were organized across districts highlighting women’s empowerment under the theme “Give to Gain.”
• 9,111 women and girls from Dombivli and Kalyan performed the traditional Lezim dance simultaneously at the Savalaram Maharaj Sports Complex.
• This performance broke the previous Guinness World Record of 7,338 participants.

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Why in News:
According to a new report by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), India remains the world’s second-largest importer of major arms, accounting for 8.2% of global arms imports between 2021 and 2025.

Key Highlights:
• Despite this position, India recorded a 4% decline in arms imports compared to the 2016–2020 period.
• Globally, arms trade increased by 9.2% between 2021–2025 compared to 2016–2020.

Changing Arms Suppliers for India

• Russia’s share in India’s arms imports declined significantly.(Still highest )
• It fell from 70% in 2011–2015 to 40% in 2021–2025.
• France and Israel emerged as the biggest beneficiaries, increasing their share in India’s arms imports.
• France’s share increased to 29%, while Israel’s share rose to 15%.

Other Global Trends

• Pakistan’s dependence on Chinese arms increased.
• China’s share in Pakistan’s arms imports rose from 73% in 2016–2020 to 80% in 2021–2025.
• China has dropped out of the top 10 arms-importing countries for the first time since the early 1990s, now ranking 21st globally.

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Why in News:
Bollywood superstar Shah Rukh Khan has made his debut in the Hurun Global Rich List 2026 with an estimated net worth of $1.3 billion. The list was released on 5 March 2026 and measures wealth up to 15 January 2026.

Key Highlights:
• Shah Rukh Khan’s estimated net worth is $1.3 billion.
• He is now among the world’s billionaire celebrities.
• This marks a major milestone in his career and financial success.

Major Celebrity Billionaires in Hurun Global Rich List 2026

• Michael Jordan – $3.6 billion
• Jay-Z – $2.8 billion
• Tiger Woods – $1.9 billion
• Taylor Swift – $1.6 billion
• Rihanna – $1.5 billion
• Shah Rukh Khan – $1.3 billion

India’s Position in Hurun Global Rich List 2026

• India ranks third globally in terms of the number of billionaires.
• India has 308 billionaires according to the report.
• China ranks first with 1,110 billionaires.
• The United States ranks second with around 1,000 billionaires.

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• RBI has approved the appointment of Ketan Merchant as interim CEO of Fino Payments Bank for three months after the arrest of MD & CEO Rishi Gupta in a GST-related case. 
• The Ministry of Panchayati Raj (MoPR) has launched the ‘Say No To Proxy Sarpanch’ campaign. This campaign will to address the issue of the ‘Sarpanch Pati’ practice in village governance. This initiative was launched on International Women’s Day and it will run until March 18, 2026. India has sent 1,000 metric tons of rice to Malawi as humanitarian assistance after severe drought caused by the El Niño effect. The shipment from Nhava Sheva Port highlights India’s support for Global South cooperation and food security.
• Vir Chakra awardee and 1965 India-Pakistan war hero KG George passed away at 95 in Kerala.
• Mercedes driver George Russell won the Formula 1 2026 Australian Grand Prix. As they securing the first victory of the new F1 season at the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit.

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Why in News:
Under the EASE 9.0 reforms agenda, Public Sector Banks (PSBs) will undertake key reforms to leverage technology, improve productivity and scale operations through new business models.

Key Highlights:
• The reforms aim to modernize PSBs and enhance their global competitiveness.
• They focus on technology adoption, improved infrastructure and collaborative banking solutions.

What Reforms will be Pursued under the EASE 9.0 Agenda

GCC Strategy and Leadership

• Public sector banks will implement a Global Capability Centre (GCC) strategy in FY 2026–27.
• A capacity-building roadmap will also be prepared.
• State Bank of India (SBI), which set up the first GCC among PSBs in Karnataka, will lead this initiative.

Technology Infrastructure Plans

• Banks will evaluate active-active data centre models for their five-year business plans.
• This will help ensure business continuity and operational resilience.

Collaborative Solutions

• Banks will work together to provide comprehensive banking solutions.
• Technologies such as blockchain, advanced risk assessment systems and fraud detection models will be integrated.

Background

EASE 9.0 Reforms

• The EASE 9.0 reforms were launched in February 2026 by the Department of Financial Services.
• The initiative aims to transform Public Sector Banks into globally competitive institutions aligned with the vision of Viksit Bharat @2047.
• It focuses on technology-driven modernization, resilience and operational excellence.

Core Structure – Four Foundational Pillars (R.I.S.E.)

Risk & Resilience

• Strengthening financial and credit risk management.
• Enhancing operational resilience and enterprise-wide risk oversight frameworks.

Innovation

• Integration of advanced technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Generative AI (GenAI), Machine Learning (ML), cloud architectures and microservices.

Socio-economic Impact

• Promoting inclusive banking and financial access for underserved groups, including gig and platform workers.
• Supporting broader economic development goals.

Excellence

• Improving operational efficiency, governance and customer-centric processes.
• Developing cost-effective next-generation banking operating models.

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Why in News:
The Supreme Court of India has asked the government to provide complete details about the cost, feasibility and infrastructure needed to introduce Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing (NAT) in government hospitals.

The direction came while hearing a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) seeking better safety measures to prevent infections through blood transfusion.

Key Highlights:
• The PIL demands advanced testing of donated blood to prevent transfusion-transmitted infections.

Background

Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing (NAT)

• NAT is a highly sensitive molecular test used to screen donated blood.
• It detects infections by amplifying specific parts of viral RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) or DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid).
• NAT can detect infections at an early stage before antibodies are formed.
• It is mainly used to identify viruses such as HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C in blood samples.

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Why in News:
StartupBlink released the Innovators Business Environment Index (IBEI) 2026, which evaluates the business environment for innovation and startups by measuring factors like regulation, access to capital and infrastructure on a 0–100 score scale.

Key Highlights:

• It uses over 30 measurable indicators to calculate the score.

Methodology and Indicators

The index aggregates scores across several key pillars:

• Regulation and Government: Ease of starting and operating a business and level of regulatory barriers.
• Access to Capital & Financial Infrastructure: Availability of funding and credit conditions for businesses.
• Taxation: Tax incentives and overall tax environment for companies.
• Digital Infrastructure: Internet speed, connectivity and digital freedom.
• Global Mobility & Openness: International accessibility, governance stability.

IBEI Rankings 2026

• United States – Rank 1 (Score: 100)
• Singapore – Rank 2
• United Kingdom – Rank 3

India’s Performance

• India ranked 54th globally with a score of 55.035.
• India is ranked ahead of China, which is placed 85th.

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Why in News:
The Economic Survey 2025–26 highlighted India’s strong export growth, describing it as “the envy of the world” after the pandemic. The growth is supported by strong banking systems, high foreign exchange reserves and a stable current account.

Key Highlights

Overall Export Performance

• India’s total exports (goods and services combined) reached USD 720.76 billion between April 2025 and January 2026.
• This represents a 6.15% growth compared to the same period in the previous year, despite global economic uncertainties.

Export Diversification

• India ranks among the top 5 countries globally for export product diversity.
• It is also among the top 3 countries in terms of trade partner diversity, helping India manage global demand fluctuations and supply chain disruptions.

Sectoral Performance

Petroleum Products

• India is the 7th-largest exporter of refined petroleum products globally.
• It is also among the top 5 refining nations in the world.

Electronic Goods

• Electronics exports rose from the 7th-largest export category in FY22 to the 3rd-largest in FY25.
• It is currently the fastest-growing export sector.
• Smartphone exports reached ₹1 lakh crore in the first five months of FY 2025–26, showing a 55% increase over the previous year.

Pharmaceuticals and Chemicals

• India ranks 11th globally in pharmaceutical exports with about 3% global market share.
• Medical device exports increased from USD 2.5 billion in FY21 to USD 4.1 billion in FY25.

Textile Exports

• India is the 6th-largest exporter of textiles and apparel globally with about 4% market share.
• Textile and apparel exports increased from USD 35.87 billion in FY24 to USD 37.75 billion in FY25.

Automobile Exports

• Automobile exports increased from 4,131 thousand units in FY21 to 5,357 thousand units in FY25.
• This reflects rising global demand for vehicles manufactured in India.

Defence Exports

• India’s defence exports reached a record ₹23,622 crore in FY 2024–25.
• In 2014, defence exports were less than ₹1,000 crore.
• Indian defence products are now exported to more than 100 countries, including the United States, France and Armenia.
• The government aims to reach ₹50,000 crore defence exports by 2029.

Services Exports

• India’s services exports reached a record USD 387.5 billion in FY25.
• The sector generated a trade surplus of USD 188.8 billion.

Trade Agreements and Global Partnerships

• In the last three years, India signed 9 Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) covering 38 countries.
• These agreements provide zero-duty market access to economies representing about 70% of global GDP.
• The strategy aims to diversify trade partnerships and reduce dependence on a single market.

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Why in News:

A US submarine torpedoed and sank the Iranian frigate IRIS Dena about 40 nautical miles off Sri Lanka’s southern coast near Galle in the Indian Ocean.

The incident has brought the US–Israel–Iran conflict closer to the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) and marked the first US torpedo sinking of an enemy ship since World War II.

Key Highlights
• It is the first time since World War II that a US submarine has sunk an enemy ship using a torpedo.

•Following the incident, Sri Lanka deployed naval vessels to rescue sailors in accordance with its obligations under the International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR Convention).

Background

International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR)

• The SAR Convention is an international agreement adopted in 1979.
• It was adopted under the International Maritime Organization (IMO).
• The convention aims to ensure prompt rescue assistance to persons in distress at sea.

India and SAR

• India is a signatory to the SAR Convention (1979) and ratified it in 2001.
• In India, the Indian Coast Guard (ICG) coordinates rescue operations in the Indian Search and Rescue Region (ISRR).
• The Director General of the Indian Coast Guard serves as the National Maritime Search and Rescue Coordinating Authority (NMSARCA).

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Why in News:
The 2nd edition of the World Para Athletics Grand Prix 2026 will be held in New Delhi from 11 March to 13 March 2026, bringing together para-athletes from across the world.

Key Highlights:
• The international competition will feature around 257 athletes from eight countries.
• The event aims to promote para-athletics and provide international competitive exposure to athletes with disabilities.

Background

1st World Para Athletics Grand Prix (New Delhi – 2025)

• The first edition of the New Delhi World Para Athletics Grand Prix was held in 2025.
• India finished first in the medal tally, showing the strength of its para-athletics programme.
• Indian athletes won 134 medals in total.
• The medal tally included 45 gold, 40 silver and 49 bronze medals.

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Why in News:
The International Malaria Conference 2026 concluded in New Delhi after three days of global discussions aimed at accelerating efforts toward malaria elimination.

Key Highlights:
• The conference was held from 7 March to 9 March 2026.
• It brought together scientists, policymakers, public health experts and researchers from several countries.
• The conference theme was “Discovery, Development and Delivery: Driving Malaria Elimination and Beyond.”

Background

India’s Malaria Elimination Target

• India aims to eliminate malaria by 2030.
• The target is part of the National Framework for Malaria Elimination (NFME).
• The framework focuses on strengthening surveillance, prevention, treatment and vector control strategies.

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Why in News:
The World Obesity Atlas 2026, released by the World Obesity Federation on World Obesity Day (4 March), highlights a growing obesity-related public health concern in India and globally.

Key Highlights

Definition of Obesity

• According to the World Health Organization (WHO), obesity is defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health.
• Body Mass Index (BMI) is used to classify obesity:
• BMI 25 or above – Overweight
• BMI 30 or above – Obese

Global Situation

• China, India and the United States each have more than 10 million children living with obesity.
• China leads globally with about 62 million children with high BMI, including 33 million obese children.
• India ranks second, followed by the United States with 27 million children with high BMI and 13 million obesity cases.
• Globally, more than 200 million children aged 5–19 years living with overweight or obesity are concentrated in 10 countries.
• Among women aged 15–49 years, about 13.4% have high BMI and 4.2% are living with Type-2 diabetes.

India’s Situation

• In 2025, nearly 15 million children aged 5–9 years in India were overweight or obese.
• More than 26 million children aged 10–19 years were also affected.
• India has about 41 million children with high BMI, making it the second-highest globally.
• The number of Indian children with disease indicators linked to high BMI is expected to rise significantly between 2025 and 2040.

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Why in News:
Israel has proposed a new strategic framework called the “Hexagon of Alliances” amid rising geopolitical competition in the Middle East and the Horn of Africa. The initiative aims to connect moderate and like-minded countries across the Indo-Pacific, Eastern Mediterranean, Gulf and Africa to address common security challenges.

Key Highlights

Objective of the Framework

• The Hexagon of Alliances aims to create a six-sided strategic network of partner nations.
• It is designed to counter two major security threats:

• Axis of Resistance led by Iran, which includes groups such as Hezbollah, Hamas, Houthis and Iraqi militias.
• The emerging radical Sunni axis, including ISIS remnants and Muslim Brotherhood affiliated groups.

Key Partners

• India has been identified as a central pillar in the proposed alliance framework.
• Other core partners include Israel, Greece and Cyprus.
• Additional countries expected to join include Arab, African and Asian nations such as Ethiopia and the UAE.

Focus Areas of Cooperation

The alliance may focus on cooperation in the following areas:

• Defence and military coordination
• Intelligence sharing
• Technology cooperation
• Diplomatic coordination
• Regional security collaboration

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Why in News:
The Prime Minister of Canada, Mark Carney, paid an official visit to India, marking a strategic reset in India–Canada relations after the diplomatic tensions of 2023–24.

The visit focused on economic cooperation, defence dialogue and strengthening bilateral partnerships.

Key Highlights

Relaunch of CEPA Negotiations

• India and Canada signed the Terms of Reference (ToR) to resume negotiations on the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA).
• Both countries aim to double bilateral trade to USD 50 billion by 2030.

Civil Nuclear Cooperation

• India’s Department of Atomic Energy signed a USD 2.6 billion long-term contract with Canada’s Cameco for the supply of Uranium Ore Concentrates.
• This agreement supports India’s goal of achieving 100 GW nuclear power capacity by 2047 under the Viksit Bharat vision.

Critical Minerals and Clean Energy Cooperation

• An MoU was signed to develop secure and resilient critical mineral supply chains aligned with the G7 Critical Minerals Action Plan.
• Canada announced it will join the International Solar Alliance (ISA) and the Global Biofuels Alliance (GBA).
 

Defence and Security

• Both countries agreed to establish the first India–Canada Defence Dialogue to strengthen strategic security cooperation.

Political and Diplomatic Engagement

• The India–Canada Parliament Friendship Group was established to strengthen parliamentary cooperation.
• India also announced support for Canada to join the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) as a Dialogue Partner.

Private Sector Collaboration

• The India–Canada CEO Forum was reconstituted to promote private-sector cooperation and investment.

Innovation and Talent Development

• A trilateral MoU between India, Canada and Australia was signed under the Australia–Canada–India Technology and Innovation (ACITI) Partnership to promote cooperation in emerging technologies.
• An MoU between AICTE and Canada’s Mitacs will provide 300 fully funded research internships for Indian students.
• A Joint Pulse Protein Centre of Excellence will be established at NIFTEM-K (Kundli)(Haryana) to develop advanced protein extraction and fortified food products.

Background

Significance of India–Canada Relations

• India and Canada share more than 75 years of diplomatic relations and upgraded ties to a Strategic Partnership in 2018.
• Canada has a large Indian diaspora of about 1.8 million people.
• In 2024, bilateral trade reached USD 30.9 billion, making India Canada’s 7th largest trading partner.
• Canadian pension funds have invested over USD 75 billion in India.

Major Canadian exports to India:
• Vegetables
• Mineral fuels and oils
• Wood pulp
• Fertilisers
• Paper and paperboard

Major Indian exports to Canada:
• Pharmaceuticals
• Machinery and electronics
• Precious stones and metals
• Iron and steel products

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1. Kharg Island in Iran handles nearly 90% of Iran’s oil exports and can load 7 million barrels per day. Located in the Persian Gulf, the island is a crucial energy hub and a major red line in the Israel–Iran conflict due to its impact on global oil supply.

2. India and New Zealand have initiated the discussions to expand bilateral sports cooperation as 2026. As the both country marks 100 years of sporting relations between the two countries.

3. The Mizoram State Legislative Assembly has unanimously passed a resolution requesting the inclusion of the Mizo language in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India. This resolution was introduced by State Education Minister Vanlalthlana.

4. India's cheetah population reaches 53 after Namibian cheetah Jwala gives birth to five cubs at Kuno National Park. (March 2026 data)

5. Uttar Pradesh launches Project GANGA to provide high-speed internet to 20 lakh rural households. The initiative will develop 8,000–10,000 digital entrepreneurs, create 1 lakh jobs, and expand digital connectivity across villages through partnership with the Hinduja Group.

6. IIT Bombay and Honeywell have partnered to establish the IIT Bombay–Honeywell Centre of Excellence for Future Skills and Innovation to train over 100,000 students in sustainability skills by 2030 through certificate programmes, research and industry academia collaboration

7. Indian Railways launches SHINE app on International Women’s Day 2026 to help women employees report sexual harassment at workplace. The platform allows confidential complaints through Human Resources Management System (HRMS.

8. NABARD has launched the National Climate Stack Innovation Challenge in collaboration with the Gates Foundation and Dalberg Advisors to strengthen India’s climate resilience. The competition offers a ₹15 lakh top prize for innovative climate data and forecasting solutions.

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Why in News:
The Durand Line, the disputed border between Afghanistan and Pakistan, has recently witnessed frequent clashes between Afghan Taliban forces and Pakistani troops.

The tensions are linked to border fencing, the presence of Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), and deportation of Afghan refugees.

The conflict has escalated into direct military confrontation, including a cross-border retaliatory operation by Pakistan called “Ghazab Lil Haq.”

Background

What is the Durand Line?

• The Durand Line is a 2,640 km long porous border separating Pakistan and Afghanistan.
• It extends from the Karakoram Range near China in the northeast to the Registan Desert near Iran in the southwest.
• The boundary passes through important geographical areas such as the Khyber Pass and the Spīn Ghar (White Mountains).

Origin of the Durand Line

• The boundary was established in 1893.
• It was created through an agreement between Sir Mortimer Durand, a British colonial administrator, and Abdur Rahman Khan, the then Emir of Afghanistan.

Reasons for the Dispute

Non-Recognition and the Pashtun Issue

• The Durand Line divides the Pashtun and Baloch ethnic tribes living on both sides of the border.
• It separates families, tribal lands and traditional migration routes.
• Afghanistan has historically not fully recognized the Durand Line and has supported the idea of a unified “Pashtunistan.”

Border Fencing by Pakistan

• In 2017, Pakistan began fencing the Durand Line to control terrorism, smuggling and illegal cross-border movement.
• The Afghan Taliban oppose the fencing, considering it an attempt to formalize an illegitimate border and divide the Pashtun population.
• Afghan forces have removed border fences several times, leading to violent clashes with Pakistani troops.

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Why in News:
The Karnataka High Court directed the State government to formally include an omitted 55 sq. km reserve forest area into the Kappatagudda Wildlife Sanctuary in Gadag district, Karnataka, restoring it to its originally approved size.

Background

Kappatagudda Wildlife Sanctuary

Ecosystem and Landscape

• The sanctuary is often called the “Western Ghats of North Karnataka” because of its rich biodiversity and ecological importance.

Hydrological Significance

• The region acts as an important watershed area.
• It serves as a major catchment for the Tungabhadra River, supporting water resources and ecosystems in the surrounding region.

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Why in News:
Recent data on India’s income mobility trends (2014–2025) show a concerning pattern where more households are moving down the income ladder than moving up.

Income mobility refers to the movement of households between income groups over time. It can be:
• Upward mobility – moving to a higher income group
• Downward mobility – moving to a lower income group
• No change – remaining in the same income group

Key Highlights

Doubling of Downward Mobility

• The share of households experiencing downward mobility nearly doubled, rising from 14% in 2015 to 26.8% in 2025.
• By 2025, more than 1 in 4 Indian households were worse off than in 2014.

Lagging Upward Mobility

• Upward mobility increased from 14.1% to 23.5%.
• However, the rate of upward movement remains lower than downward mobility.

Shrinking Middle

• The share of households remaining in the same income group fell sharply.
• It declined from over 70% earlier to below 50% by 2025.

Rural Vulnerability

• In 2025, about 29% of rural households moved down the income ladder compared to 2014.
• Downward mobility in rural areas has been higher than upward movement.

Urban Areas

• Urban households performed relatively better.
• Cities experienced higher upward mobility compared to rural areas.

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Why in News:
Denmark has been certified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the first country in the European Union to eliminate mother-to-child transmission (EMTCT) of HIV and syphilis.

Key Highlights

WHO Criteria for EMTCT

• WHO defines elimination as reducing mother-to-child transmission to fewer than 50 cases per 100,000 live births.
• It also requires that more than 95% of pregnant women receive testing and treatment for HIV and syphilis.

Global Context

• Denmark joins more than 20 countries and territories worldwide that have been validated by WHO for EMTCT or are progressing toward certification.
• These include countries from different regions:
• Caribbean: Anguilla, Antigua
• South America: Brazil
• Africa: Botswana
• Asia: Malaysia, Maldives

Background

HIV

• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) attacks the body’s immune system, especially CD4 cells.
• If untreated, it can weaken immunity and lead to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).

Syphilis

• Syphilis is a bacterial infection caused by Treponema pallidum.
• It spreads mainly through sexual contact and can also be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth.

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Why in News:
The 7th Joint Committee Meeting under the India–Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) was held in Tokyo to review the implementation and progress of the agreement.

Key Highlights

India–Japan CEPA

• The India–Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) came into force in August 2011.
• It aims to enhance trade, investment and economic cooperation between the two countries.

Background

India–Japan Economic Relations

Bilateral Trade

• Total bilateral trade between India and Japan stood at USD 22.85 billion in 2023–24.
• Japan’s exports to India: USD 17.69 billion.
• India’s exports to Japan: USD 5.15 billion.
• This reflects a significant trade deficit for India.

Trade Share Rankings

• India ranks 18th in Japan’s total trade, accounting for about 1.4% share.
• Japan ranks 17th in India’s total trade, with about 2.1% share.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

• Cumulative Japanese FDI in India from 2000 to December 2024 is around USD 43.2 billion.
• Japan is the 5th largest source of FDI for India.

Major Sectors of Japanese Investment

• Automobile industry
• Electrical equipment
• Telecommunications
• Chemicals
• Financial services (insurance)
• Pharmaceuticals

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Why in News:
On Jan Aushadhi Diwas 2026 (7 March), celebrated under the theme “Janaushadhi Sasti Bhi, Bharosemand Bhi, Sehat Ki Baat, Bachat Ke Saath,” the Prime Minister highlighted the role of PMBJP in making medicines affordable for millions of citizens.

Background

About PMBJP

• Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP) is a flagship scheme of the Department of Pharmaceuticals under the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers.
• The scheme aims to provide quality generic medicines and surgical items at affordable prices.
• Medicines are available at 50–80% lower cost compared to branded medicines.

Origin of the Scheme

• The scheme was originally launched in 2008 as the Jan Aushadhi Scheme.
• It was restructured and renamed PMBJP in 2016 to expand its reach.

Quality Assurance

• Medicines are procured only from WHO-GMP (World Health Organization – Good Manufacturing Practices) certified manufacturers.
• They are tested in laboratories accredited by the National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL).
• This ensures that quality standards are maintained along with affordability.

Citizen-Centric Initiatives

Janaushadhi Suvidha Sanitary Napkins

• Introduced in 2019.
• These oxo-biodegradable sanitary napkins are sold at ₹1 per pad.
• The initiative aims to promote menstrual hygiene among women.

Jan Aushadhi Sugam App

• Launched in 2019.
• It helps users locate nearby Jan Aushadhi Kendras through geo-location.
• Provides information on medicine availability.
• Includes a price comparison feature to show savings compared to branded medicines.

Essential Commodities Act, 1955

Why in News:
Amid rising global energy uncertainty due to the US–Israel–Iran conflict and disruptions in West Asian oil supply routes, India has directed refiners to increase Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) production under the Essential Commodities (EC) Act, 1955.

At the same time, the United States has temporarily allowed India to purchase Russian crude oil for 30 days to help stabilize global energy markets.

Key Highlights

• Petroleum products, including LPG, are classified as essential commodities under the Act.
• The measure aims to prevent shortages and stabilize domestic energy supply.

Background

Essential Commodities Act, 1955

• The Essential Commodities Act, 1955 was enacted to ensure the availability of essential goods at fair prices.
• It also aims to prevent hoarding, black marketing and artificial shortages.
• The Act has historically been used to control inflation and maintain food and supply security.

Powers of the Government

Section 3

• The Central Government can regulate production, supply and distribution of essential commodities.
• It can impose stock limits, regulate trade, fix prices and restrict hoarding.

Section 5

• The Central Government can delegate its powers to State Governments or authorized officers.
• This allows faster and more effective enforcement at the local level.

2020 Amendment

• In 2020, Parliament amended the Act to limit the government’s power to regulate certain food commodities.
• Commodities such as cereals, pulses, potatoes, onions, edible oilseeds and oils can now be regulated only under extraordinary circumstances, such as:
• War
• Famine
• Extraordinary price rise
• Natural calamities of a grave nature

Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) 2.0

Why in News:
The Union Cabinet has approved the extension of Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) till December 2028 with an enhanced outlay of ₹8.69 lakh crore. A major reform under JJM 2.0 is the introduction of a national digital framework called “Sujalam Bharat.”

Key Highlights

Vision of Jal Jeevan Mission 2.0

• The mission aims to provide functional tap water connections to all 19.36 crore rural households by December 2028.
• It also aims to move toward a 24×7 rural drinking water supply system through improved governance and operational reforms.
• The programme supports the broader national vision of Viksit Bharat @2047.

Sujalam Bharat Digital Framework

• Sujalam Bharat is a uniform national digital system for rural water supply management.
• It will digitally map the entire rural drinking water supply chain.
• Under this framework, every village will receive a unique “Sujal Gaon” or Service Area ID.
• The digital platform will track the water supply network from the source to the household tap connection.

Background of Jal Jeevan Mission

• When the mission was launched in 2019, only 3.23 crore rural households (about 17%) had tap water connections.
• Since then, the government has provided more than 12.56 crore additional tap water connections.
• Out of 19.36 crore rural households, about 15.80 crore households (81.61%) now have tap water access.

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Why in News:
The Union Cabinet has approved changes in India’s Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) policy for countries that share a land border with India.

Under the revised framework, the government has introduced a clear approval timeline of 60 days for investments that require scrutiny under the Press Note 3 (PN3) rules.

Background

Press Note 3 (PN3)

• Press Note 3 was introduced on 17 April 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic.
• The policy requires prior government approval for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) from countries that share a land border with India.
Countries Covered under PN3

The rule applies to investments from countries sharing a land border with India, including:
• China
• Pakistan
• Bangladesh
• Nepal
• Myanmar
• Bhutan
• Afghanistan

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What is the Gulf of Hormuz?

The Gulf of Hormuz is a narrow strait located between Iran and Oman that connects the Persian Gulf with the Arabian Sea. It serves as the primary export route for oil produced in the Middle East.

Key Facts

• Around 20–21 million barrels of oil per day pass through the Gulf of Hormuz.
• This accounts for nearly one-fifth of the world’s total oil consumption.
• Major oil exporters using this route include Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, UAE, and Qatar.

What is the Strait of Malacca?

The Strait of Malacca is located between Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore and connects the Indian Ocean with the South China Sea.

Key Facts 

• Around 16–17 million barrels of oil per day pass through the Strait of Malacca.
• It is the shortest sea route between the Middle East and East Asia.
• Major importers relying on this route include China, Japan, South Korea, and India.

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• The Karnataka High Court directed the State government to include the arbitrarily omitted 55 sq. km reserve forest area into the Kappatagudda Wildlife Sanctuary in Gadag district, Karnataka, restoring the sanctuary to its originally approved size.
• Karnataka (banning social media for users under 16) and Andhra Pradesh (under 13) have proposed restrictions on minors’ social media use to address psychological harms, sparking a constitutional debate since internet regulation falls under the Union Government’s jurisdiction under Entry 31 of the Union List in the Seventh Schedule.
• A significant Megalithic laterite rock-cut chamber has been discovered in Kasaragod district of Kerala, providing new insights into the prehistoric burial practices and material culture of the region.
• International Women’s Day was observed on 8 March, with the UN theme “Rights. Justice. Action. For ALL Women and Girls” and the campaign theme “Give to Gain.”
• IndiGo CEO Pieter Elbers has resigned citing personal reasons, three months after the airline’s operational crisis, and promoter and Managing Director Rahul Bhatia will take interim charge.
• The Union Cabinet approved international status for Madurai Airport in Tamil Nadu on 10 March 2026, which will enhance international connectivity, tourism, trade and economic growth in southern Tamil Nadu, particularly benefiting pilgrims visiting Madurai.
• The defunct NASA satellite Van Allen Probe-A, launched on 30 August 2012, is expected to re-enter Earth’s atmosphere in March 2026 after spending more than a decade studying space radiation around the planet.
• Veteran actor and filmmaker Amol Palekar will receive the META Lifetime Achievement Award 2026 at the 21st Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Awards, to be held in New Delhi from 19–25 March 2026, recognizing his decades-long contribution to Indian theatre, cinema and storytelling.
• Renowned Indologist Prof Hermann Kulke, a globally recognised scholar of Odisha’s history and Jagannath culture, has passed away at the age of 87.
• Nagauri Pan Methi from Rajasthan’s Nagaur district has been granted a patent by the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Authority (PPVFRA), giving statutory ownership and legal rights to the farming community of the district.
• Deloitte has launched ConnectSafe, a new cyber security facility in Bengaluru, aimed at protecting critical infrastructure and connected ecosystems.
• US President Donald Trump announced a $300 billion partnership with Reliance Industries to build the America First Refining project in Texas, which will be the first major US oil refinery in 50 years and aims to boost energy production and create thousands of jobs.
• The Supreme Court allowed withdrawal of life support in the Harish Rana passive euthanasia case, ruling that when recovery is impossible, continuing artificial life support may violate dignity, marking a significant decision on passive euthanasia in India.

International Energy Agency (IEA)

Why in News:
The International Energy Agency (IEA) plans to release a record 400 million barrels of emergency oil reserves due to rising tensions in West Asia and disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz. The move aims to stabilize global energy markets and prevent supply shortages.

Background

International Energy Agency (IEA)

• The International Energy Agency (IEA) is an intergovernmental organization.
• Its headquarters is located in Paris, France.
• The agency was established in 1974 after the global oil crisis.
• Its main objective is to promote energy security, economic development and sustainable energy policies among member countries.

• India is currently an Association country of the International Energy Agency (IEA) – International Energy Agency rather than a full member.

UIDAI Bug Bounty Program

Why in News:
The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) has launched its first structured Bug Bounty Program to strengthen the security of the Aadhaar digital ecosystem.

Key Highlights

• The initiative aims to identify vulnerabilities in UIDAI’s digital platforms.
• Ethical hackers and cybersecurity researchers will be invited to test UIDAI systems for potential security weaknesses.
• The program will help improve the security and resilience of Aadhaar-related digital services.

Background

Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI)

• UIDAI is a statutory authority responsible for issuing the 12-digit Aadhaar number.
• It was established on 12 July 2016.
• The authority functions under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
• It was created under the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Act, 2016.

Microalgae-Based PureAir Tower

Why in News:
New Delhi has deployed India’s first microalgae-based PureAir Tower along the Aerocity highway corridor as an innovative biotechnology solution to combat urban air pollution.

Key Highlights

• The tower uses microalgae-based biotechnology instead of conventional mechanical air filters.
• It aims to reduce urban air pollution and improve air quality in high-traffic areas.
• The project represents a sustainable and energy-efficient air purification approach.

Background

How the Microalgae Air Tower Works

• Unlike conventional smog towers, which rely on mechanical filtration, this system uses photosynthetic microalgae to purify air.
• The microalgae absorb carbon dioxide (CO₂), particulate matter and nitrogen oxides from the surrounding air.
• Through natural biological processes, these pollutants are converted into oxygen and algal biomass.
• The tower operates with very low energy consumption.
• It also produces no secondary filter waste, making it a sustainable air purification technology.

Chhattisgarh Freedom of Religion Bill, 2026

Why in News:
The Chhattisgarh State Cabinet has approved the draft of the Freedom of Religion Bill, 2026 to prevent illegal religious conversions in the state.

The decision was taken during a Cabinet meeting in Raipur chaired by Chief Minister Vishnu Deo Sai.

Key Highlights

Objective of the Bill
• The bill aims to protect the constitutional right of individuals to practice and follow their religion freely.

Need for the Legislation

• The legislation seeks to address cases where people may be pressured, influenced or misled into changing their religion.
• The government believes the bill will ensure that religious conversions take place only through voluntary choice.

Indian Orchid Festival 2026

Why in News:
The Indian Orchid Festival 2026 concluded successfully in Pakyong district of Sikkim.

Key Highlights

• The four-day festival attracted orchid growers, entrepreneurs, researchers and floriculture experts from across India.
• The event was organized by the ICAR–National Research Centre for Orchids (ICAR–NRCO).
• The theme of the festival was “Orchids for Beauty & Prosperity.”

Background

ICAR–National Research Centre for Orchids (ICAR–NRCO)

• It is a research institute under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
• The centre focuses on research, conservation and promotion of orchids in India.
• It is located in Pakyong district of Sikkim.

Green Ammonia and Green Methanol Emission Standards

Why in News:
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has notified specific emission standards for Green Ammonia and Green Methanol to accelerate the trade of green hydrogen derivatives under the National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM).

Key Highlights

• The new standards define emission thresholds for green ammonia and green methanol production.

Emission Thresholds

Green Ammonia

• To qualify as green ammonia, total non-biogenic greenhouse gas emissions must not exceed 0.38 kg of CO₂ equivalent per kg of ammonia.
• The emissions are calculated as an average over the previous 12-month period.

Green Methanol

• For green methanol, emissions must not exceed 0.44 kg of CO₂ equivalent per kg of methanol.
• This is also calculated as an average over the preceding 12 months.

Background

National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM)

• The National Green Hydrogen Mission was approved in 2023.
• It aims to position India as a global hub for clean hydrogen production.

Targets by 2030

• 125 GW renewable energy capacity for hydrogen production.
• ₹8 lakh crore investment in the green hydrogen sector.
• Creation of around 6 lakh jobs.
• Reduction of fossil fuel imports by ₹1 lakh crore.
• Reduction of 50 million metric tonnes of CO₂ emissions annually.

Green Hydrogen

• Green hydrogen is produced using renewable energy sources such as solar or wind through the electrolysis of water.
• According to Government of India standards, hydrogen qualifies as green if emissions do not exceed 2 kg CO₂ equivalent per kg of hydrogen produced.

India–Finland Strategic Partnership

Why in News:
The President of Finland, Alexander Stubb, paid a State Visit to India as the Chief Guest at the 11th Raisina Dialogue. During the visit, India–Finland relations were upgraded to a Strategic Partnership in Digitalization and Sustainability, along with renewed agreements on environmental cooperation.

Key Highlights

Digitalization, Technology and Innovation

• Joint Task Force on 6G: A task force was established to promote advanced 6G research, linking the University of Oulu (Finland) with the Bharat 6G Alliance.

• Joint Working Group on Digitalization: A cross-sectoral group was created to strengthen cooperation in High-Performance Computing (HPC), 5G, 6G, Quantum communication, Quantum computing and Artificial Intelligence (AI).

• Joint Research Calls: An implementation arrangement was set up between India’s Department of Science and Technology (DST) and Business Finland to promote joint research initiatives.

• Indo-Finland Startup Corridor: The initiative will connect startup ecosystems by ensuring participation of Indian startups in Finland’s Slush event and Finnish startups in India’s Startup Mahakumbh.

Trade and Multilateral Cooperation

• Bilateral Trade Target: India and Finland aim to double bilateral trade by 2030, leveraging opportunities from the India–EU Free Trade Agreement.

• World Circular Economy Forum (WCEF): India’s Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) and Finland’s SITRA (Finnish Innovation Fund) will co-host the WCEF in India in 2026.

Background

India–Finland Economic Relations

• In 2023–24, India’s exports to Finland were USD 582.65 million.
• Imports from Finland were USD 913.48 million.
• This resulted in a trade deficit of USD 330.83 million for India.

One Liner

1. Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated and laid the foundation stone for development projects worth about ₹5,600 crore in Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, focusing on clean energy infrastructure, petroleum manufacturing, highways, railways and rural connectivity.

2. Iran has withdrawn from the FIFA World Cup 2026, which will be hosted by the United States, Canada and Mexico.

• FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association)
• Established: 1904
• Headquarters: Zurich, Switzerland
• Current President: Gianni Infantino

3.Veteran Tamil filmmaker Thakkali Srinivasan has passed away at the age of 72 in Bengaluru.

4. Indian para athlete Shailesh Kumar won a gold medal in the men’s high jump T63 category at the World Para Athletics Grand Prix held in New Delhi.

5. India’s women’s hockey team has qualified for the 2026 FIH Hockey World Cup, which will be the 16th edition of the tournament, scheduled to be hosted by Belgium and the Netherlands, with 16 national teams participating, and organized by the International Hockey Federation.

6. Defence Research and Development Organisation and the Indian Navy successfully tested the indigenous Air Droppable Container ADC-150 from the Boeing P‑8I Poseidon aircraft off the Goa coast between 21 February and 1 March 2026, capable of delivering 150 kg payloads including medical supplies, equipment and emergency stores to naval ships at sea.

7. Gujarat has launched the Lake and Air Watch initiative to monitor air quality and lake health across 17 municipal corporations and 152 municipal areas.

8. World Kidney Day 2026 will be observed on 12 March with the theme “Kidney Health for All – Caring for People, Protecting the Planet”.

9. India became the largest exporter of cotton products to the United States in 2025, surpassing China, with imports from India reaching 0.6 million tonnes while China’s exports declined to 0.5 million tonnes; globally, (India is the largest cotton producer with about 23% of world production, while China is the leading consumer and importer of cotton.)

10. The WHO Foundation and Novo Nordisk A/S have partnered to address childhood obesity in India through school-based health programmes, awareness campaigns and improved healthcare preparedness to prevent obesity-related diseases.(Novo Nordisk is headquartered in Bagsværd, Denmark.)

Digital Twin Initiative at V. O. Chidambaranar Port

Why in News:
V. O. Chidambaranar Port has become the first port in India to launch a Digital Twin platform for port management.

The platform was inaugurated on 23 February 2026 by Union Minister Sarbananda Sonowal.

Background

Digital Twin Platform

• A Digital Twin is a real-time virtual replica of physical infrastructure and operations.
• At V. O. Chidambaranar Port, the system digitally replicates:
• Port infrastructure
• Operational assets
• Vessel movements
• Cargo handling operations
• The overall maritime ecosystem

• The platform allows authorities to monitor, analyse and optimise port operations using real-time data and predictive analytics.

Dhwani Spandana System – KSRTC

Why in News:
The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) has received the Governance Now 12th PSU National Award in the “Excellence in Innovation” category for its initiative “Dhwani Spandana.”

Background

Dhwani Spandana System

• Dhwani Spandana – Onboard Bus Identification and Navigation System is an assistive technology developed by KSRTC.
• It provides audio-based guidance for visually impaired passengers.
• The system helps passengers identify the correct bus and board it safely without assistance from others.
• It improves accessibility and safety in public transport.

Bim10 Corruption Case

Why in News:
International cricketers Javon Searles, Trevon Griffith, and Chitranjan Rathod have been provisionally suspended in connection with the Bim10 corruption case.

Key Highlights

• The suspension was announced jointly by the International Cricket Council (ICC) and Cricket West Indies (CWI).
• The charges relate to alleged violations of anti-corruption regulations.
• The incidents are linked to the 2023–24 Bim10 tournament held in Barbados.

Background

Bim10 Tournament

• Bim10 is a T10 cricket tournament held in Barbados.
• The league features international and domestic players and is organized to promote short-format cricket in the Caribbean.
• The tournament falls under ICC anti-corruption regulations, which prohibit activities such as match-fixing, spot-fixing, and misuse of inside information.

LIGO-India Project

Why in News:
India’s Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO-India) project in Hingoli district, Maharashtra is facing implementation delays, raising concerns about its timeline, although officials maintain that the project will be completed by 2030.

Background

LIGO-India Project

• LIGO-India is designed to detect gravitational waves, which are ripples in space-time caused by massive cosmic events such as black hole or neutron star collisions.

Lead Agencies and Collaboration

• The project is jointly led by the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) and the Department of Science and Technology (DST).
• It will operate in collaboration with the global LIGO network, including observatories in the United States.

White Phosphorus Use in Israel–Lebanon Conflict

Why in News:
A report by Human Rights Watch has accused Israel of using white phosphorus munitions in residential areas of Lebanon, raising concerns about possible violations of international humanitarian law.

Background

White Phosphorus

• White phosphorus is a toxic, wax-like chemical substance.
• It ignites when exposed to oxygen and burns at temperatures above 800°C.
• The substance burns intensely enough to melt metal and cause severe burns on contact.
• In military use, it is commonly used for smoke screens, illumination, and incendiary purposes.

India and IEA Strategic Oil Release

Why in News:
India has decided not to participate in the International Energy Agency’s (IEA) coordinated release of Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPRs), which was proposed to stabilize global oil markets amid escalating Middle East tensions.

Background

Rationale for India’s Decision

• The government followed an “India First” energy security approach.
• India stated that strategic petroleum reserves are meant only for domestic emergencies.
• They are intended to protect the country from actual supply disruptions, not to stabilize global oil prices.

Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR)

• Strategic Petroleum Reserves are emergency crude oil stockpiles maintained by governments.
• These reserves are used to ensure energy security during supply disruptions or crises.

India and IEA Membership

• India is not a full member of the International Energy Agency (IEA).
• It participates as an associate member.
• Therefore, India has no binding obligation to follow IEA decisions on coordinated oil reserve releases.

International Energy Agency (IEA)